Ap World History 2010 Q3 Free Essays

WORLD HISTORY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 3 †Comparative BASIC CORE (fitness) 0â€7 Points 1. Has worthy proposition. 1 Point †¢ The postulation must incorporate both a substantial similitude and a legitimate distinction in techniques for political control in two of the realms. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ap World History 2010 Q3 or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now †¢ The proposition must be pertinent to the timespan, however the dates need not be express. †¢ The postulation must be expressly expressed in the presentation or the predetermined finish of the exposition. †¢ The proposal may show up as one sentence or as various sentences. †¢ A theory that is part among different sections or just rehashes the brief is unsatisfactory. The proposition CANNOT mean some other point. 2. Addresses all pieces of the inquiry, however not really equitably or altogether. 2 Points For 2 focuses: †¢ Identifies in any event one substantial similitude and one legitimate distinction in techniques for political control. †¢ Discusses two domains yet not really uniformly. For 1 point: †¢ Identifies in any event one substantial similitude or if nothing else one legitimate contrast in strategies for political control. †¢ Discusses two domains however not really equally. 3. Validates postulation with proper chronicled proof. 2 Points For 2 focuses: Must give in any event five explicit bits of proof (at any rate two from every realm). †¢ Evidence must be inside the assigned timespans (e. g. , proof from the Roman Republic or Qin line isn't satisfactory). For 1 point: †¢ Must give in any event three explicit bits of proof (at any rate one from every domain). †¢ Evidence must be inside the assigned timeframes. 4. Makes in any event one immediate, applicable correlation between/among social orders. 1 Point (The immediate examination may talk about either likenesses or contrasts. ) †¢ To acquire this point, the correlation must be made some place other than in the theory. . Examines in any event one purpose behind a similitude or a distinctio n distinguished in an immediate examination. †¢ Analysis (motivation behind why) must be identified with a similitude or a distinction in techniques for political control between the two realms. Subtotal 1 Point 7 Points  © 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com. AP ® WORLD HISTORY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 3 †Comparative (proceeded) EXPANDED CORE (greatness) Expands past fundamental center of 1â€7 focuses. An understudy must acquire 7 focuses in the fundamental center region before winning focuses in the extended center territory. 0â€2 Points Models: †¢ Has a reasonable, expository and extensive postulation. †¢ Addresses all pieces of the inquiry completely (as pertinent): correlations, sequence, causation, associations, subjects, collaborations, content. †¢ Provides sufficient recorded proof to validate proposition. †¢ Relates correlations with bigger worldwide setting. †¢ Makes a few immediate, significant correlations between or among social orders. †¢ Consistently breaks down the circumstances and end results of important likenesses and contrasts. †¢ Applies significant information on different locales or world recorded procedures. †¢ Discusses change after some time (e. g. changing strategies for political control as the domains declined). †¢ Recognizes subtleties inside domains. Subtotal 2 Points TOTAL 9 Points  © 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com.  © 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. coll egeboard. com.  © 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com.  © 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com.  © 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com.  © 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. ollegeboard. com.  © 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com.  © 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com.  © 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com. AP ® WORLD HISTORY 2010 SCORING COMMENTARY Question 3 Overview The purpose of the inquiry was for understudies to pick two of the specified realms †Han China (206 B. C. E. to 220 C. E. ), Mauryan/Gupta India (320 B. C. E. to 550 C. E. ), Imperial Rome (31 B. C. E. to 476 C. E. ) †and look at the manners in which those realms applied political command over their peoples. Understudies were unequivocally advised to talk about the two similitudes and contrasts in techniques for political control. Test: 3A Score: 8 The article contains a substantial theory in the second and third sentences of the principal section (1 point). In the fourth passage, the exposition tends to a likeness (â€Å"Both domains had insecure borders†) and a few contrasts, including â€Å"However, Han China managed the Turkic Huns through the tribute frameworks, in this way mollifying them with endowments and keeping away from exorbitant costly fighting, which Rome favored when managing their enemies† (2 focuses). Despite the fact that there is plentiful proof for the Han, Roman proof is restricted by conversation of the Republic, which couldn't be checked. There is, in any case, enough proof for 2 proof focuses. Notwithstanding the immediate examination recorded above, there is another distinction at the base of the second section †â€Å"However, in light of the fact that there was less accentuation as an aggregate gathering in Rome, the political association was significantly less organized than China’s† †which earned 1 point for the correlation and 1 point on the grounds that the announcement additionally includes an investigation. This article contained an unpredictable theory, adequate profundity of examination, and supporting proof to acquire 1 Expanded Core point. Test: 3B Score: 6 This exposition contains a legitimate proposal in the principal passage (1 point) and addresses the two likenesses and contrasts (2 focuses). There is adequate proof for both the Mauryan/Gupta and the Han realms (2 focuses). The immediate correlation is found in the subsequent passage: â€Å"Han China and Maurya Gupta [sic] both solidified their capacity through military buildup† (1 point). The exposition endeavors examination in the close to the last section yet just dissects the Han: â€Å"Due to their absence of a dedicated religion, China had the option to absorb the Huns when they started to attack China. † There is no examination of a correlation of Han and Mauryan/Gupta strategies for political control. Test: 3C Score: 3 There is no substantial proposition in light of the fact that the exposition endeavors to show a contrast among Han and Rome as far as the Roman Republic, which is outside the timespan. The article just tends to likenesses, not substantial contrasts (1 point). The proof is adequate for the Han, yet the main legitimate bit of proof for Rome is the explanation that â€Å"He [Augustus] crushed Cleopatra and Mark Anthony ensuring that Rome is politically secured† (1 point). The greater part of the Roman proof is before 31 B. C. E. what's more, in this manner didn't acquire credit. The article has a substantial direct examination in the fourth passage: â€Å"The size of the two domains was an issue that prompted pioneers eventually losing political control of both empires† (1 point).  © 2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com. Step by step instructions to refer to Ap World History 2010 Q3, Papers

Compassion and Media Representations of Suffering Essay

Empathy and Media Representations of Suffering - Essay Example Empathy Cultivation The choice on how these pictures will be utilized and how a story will be advised are left to the choice of the writers and the editors. These choices are affected by various components which incorporate social norms of the essential crowd and the desires for publicists. The finished result is quite often equipped towards what will be justified as intriguing by more individuals so as to draw in more promoters. Media produce materials that bring out empathy since sympathy is the thing that calls crowd consideration. Media positions the crowd from a spectator’s perspective, a detached crowd that is frail with regards to the accomplishing something against the sufferings of casualties of catastrophic events and synthetic violations. To set up an increasingly close connection between the news content and the crowd, media utilize individual stories that are exceptionally centered around the regular citizens. Their misfortunes are featured, their tears take the s pots of real body tally and political examination. By putting taking care of the crowd the enduring of individuals who should be guiltlessness and the way that crowd can't successfully intervene the torment, the media makes far off misery. The crowd are being adapted to think about the state of outsiders a large number of miles away. This structure of far off enduring has been amazing to such an extent that it has associated governmental issues, crowd, and non-benefit associations towards one reason. The development of innovation has managed more news associations and even customary residents to get to and convey news and other data. The web has likewise extended the principles on the degree of enduring one may appear. All the more significantly, this persistent progression of data on enduring has elevated the audience’s empathy in light of the support of the way that they are eventually frail to change to anything and even with the benefit of knowing and watching, they can't do anything. The crowd isn't any longer permitted to disconnect themselves from the destiny of others or take asylum in numbness since they are never sheltered from the data. Empathy Fatigue Moeller (1999) accepts that this recipe is additionally the reason for sympathy weakness. The ceaseless drive to uplift feeling and touch off enthusiasm from the crowd is bargaining the very substance of news coverage. News-casting should maintain certainties and realities without preferring any side. News coverage is about data spread. These assume a mediocre position over productivity. As media organizations battle for crowd, they keep on upping the ante on how they present their accounts without intersection the legitimate limits. Thus, the media organizations resort to sentimentality. The outcome is the regularly developing worry on the precision of data that the crowd acquires and the correct feeling that news should inspire. Chouliaraki (2006) examined how experience news epitomizes this circumstance. She referenced three basic recent developments: shootings in Indonesia, a vessel mishap in India and ‘biblical floods’ in Bangladesh. These were given close to one moment of broadcast appointment. Significant data was likewise not referenced in the ‘breaking news’ divide and was not introduced in the best possible setting of the occasion. This treatment results to an absence of system for the crowd to comprehend the heaviness of the occasion. Th

Dining

Dining This is another one of those entries thats going to make admissions cringe when they see the title. Dining is the current hot topic at MIT for a variety of reasons, none of which Im going to touch. The long and short of it is that there are very few people on campus who can grasp exactly whats going on right now and its simply not responsible of me to talk about such a big issue when its currently in a state of development. What I will discuss is how the current dining system at MIT operates. That was one of my biggest questions about MIT, it didnt seem to be explained well in any of the material and it also seemed like a really critical issue. Probably my sketchiest prefrosh moment was due to a lack of dining understanding (thats a story for a later entry, or for Laura to write about). To fix this issue, I present to you everything you need to know about dining (for now!). There are six main options for getting food at MIT (more specifically, dinner), and they are: 1) House Dining Membership 2) Dining Dollars 3) Tech Cash 4) Cook! 5) Cash 6) Fraternities, Sororities, and Independent Living Groups Straight down, here we go: 1) House Dining Membership House Dining Membership (HDM) is about as close to a traditional dining program as you can get at MIT. A $300 dollar fee at the beginning of the semester goes towards all of your dinner purchases over the semester BUT . . . this does not mean free meals. HDM gives you 50% off all of your dinners, so you still have to pay, just not as much. There are 5 dorms that have dining halls where HDM is accepted: 1) Baker 2) McCormick 3) Next 4) Simmons 5) Ashdown If you live in any of these dorms, you are AUTOMATICALLY enrolled in the House Dining Membership and must participate in it. Generally, the dorms are open for dinner every night when theres school the next day (meaning no dinner on Fridays but there is dinner on Sundays). PROS If you eat more than $600 worth of dinner, youre getting a half price discount on everything you eat! CONS Most people, realistically, dont eat that much food. You essentially have to eat in the dining halls every night. People will argue with me about this, and of course there are exceptions, but its difficult to eat enough food to make this worth it. Especially when you factor in trips to Boston restaurants (a must) and various clubs and activities that will give you food. Also, walking to another dorm for food is an inconvenience, especially since dorms are kind of spread out (at least enough to be annoying). It feels weird not eating in your own home, surrounded by people you dont know. Realistically, it doesnt happen as often as MIT would hope. 2) Dining Dollars Dining Dollars is money you can load directly onto your student ID card. The Dining Dollars account can only be used in all dining halls, restaurants, food courts, cafes on campus, card reader-equipped vending machines and for late night pizza delivery from Dominos. PROS You know exactly how much money youre spending on food. You also wont be tempted to spend money from your ID card on anything but food. A good way for parents to budget money just for food for you. Its also very easy for parents to load Dining Dollars into an account for you! CONS Its an unnecessary division of funds unless you really dont trust yourself to allot money for food. 3) TechCash TechCash essentially turns your student ID into an on-campus debit card. Money on your TechCash account can be spent not only on food, but also on anything in La Verdes (the student convenience store in the student center), a hardware store down the street, random fundraisers you see in Lobby 10, yearbooks, class hoodies, the MIT bookstore, haircuts in the student center, and all sorts of other cool services. PROS You dont have to carry a bunch of cash around with you. Your ID card is all you need for most things youll be buying on campus. The money comes from your student account if youd like, making it a popular option for loans. Loans that cover books, food, and various other amenities often go into TechCash because its designed to let you purchase things that will help you in college. Its also very easy for parents to load a TechCash account for you! CONS Its not accepted everywhere. Sometimes youll need cash or debit cards, especially for trips into Boston. It can also be a pain if you dont carry cash and rely fully on TechCash. 4) Cook! A lot of the dorms without dining halls have kitchens. More specifically I believe Burton-Conner, East Campus, Random Hall, Senior House, and Bexley all have kitchens. Also, as mentioned in the comments below, apparently all dorms have some type of kitchen access if youre interested in cooking. A lot of students choose to live in these dorms in large part because of the kitchens and the freedom to cook what they want without being restricted to what the school feeds them. PROS How you eat is up to you. You can eat what you want, when you want. There is a grocery store with almost everything you need just down the street and there are normally plenty of kitchens or plenty of space for anybody whod like to cook. Dorms are often filled with the delicious smells of cinnamon buns, cookies, and soup. CONS A lot of college students (ME!) dont know how or have no interest in cooking. Cooking requires all of your own kitchen supplies and requires you to buy food at the grocery store (the one most frequented does NOT take TechCash). Cooking takes time and effort, something many people dont have the time or desire to do. 5) Cash Buy food on campus or in Boston with cash. Everybody takes cash! PROS Everybody takes cash so you have access to everything! CONS Parents cant fill up your cash! Also, carrying cash requires a wallet that can hold cash. You can also run out or not have enough. Loans dont really filter into cash, so any cash you spend is probably your own. 6) Fraternities, Sororities, and Independent Living Groups I dont know a lot about the FSILG dining options, but there appear to be a lot of people willing to answer questions about it in the comments. The gist of it is that many FSILGs offer dining plans if you choose to eat at their houses. Plans vary from house to house, so independent research would probably be the way to go, or just ask for help in the comments. NON-DINNER MEALS Since dining halls are dinner-only, most students will eat breakfast either at the student center, various food trucks or cafes, even at Sunnys Diner down the street. Ill leave lunch discussion for another entry (just because theres so much). BOTTOM LINE You want my advice? Ok, not just my advice, but also the advice of the people I live with and also many many many people Ive interacted with that are members of House Dining. Whats the advice? Avoid the House Dining Membership, avoid Dining Dollars, go with either cooking, TechCash, or cash, whichever youre more comfortable with. A lot of people who live in dorms that are forced into paying the $300 for House Dining are unhappy with the automatic membership because it restricts them to a dining hall every evening instead of giving them the freedom to eat elsewhere. Half the point of MIT is that its a great opportunity to experience as much as you can, including eating in as many places as you can. Dining Dollars is just an unnecessary restriction on an otherwise normal TechCash account. Anybody with a reasonable amount of self control would be better off with just TechCash, spending it only on food. Its there to bail you out if you need it (in case you need something other than food) but is available for food as well. Also, I dont know a single person who uses Dining Dollars (they probably exist though, just not en mass). Cooking is the heart and soul of many dorms here. BUT! You dont have to know how to cook to live in a dorm with kitchens. I live in Burton-Conner, a dorm with 6+ kitchens on each of its 9 floors. I cant cook. At all. I love Burton-Conner! I eat at the student center, I eat delivery, I eat in Boston, and sometimes Ill microwave some soup or some hot dogs. Food just isnt an issue, so no worries. MIT will likely get angry at me for suggesting that you avoid their dining memberships. Im sorry MIT, just sharing what I feel the most useful and most common sentiments are. The fact that a lot of people are unhappy with House Dining and try to avoid it is kind of a problem, which is why there is currently a ton of controversy on campus about the dining program. Parents seem to be concerned that there isnt a central dining hall or that kids dont have access to food (remember point number 1 in this entry?). Lack of central dining concerns a lot of students too. As I said earlier, having to travel to various dining halls in various dorms is kind of an inconvenience. At this point, your most economic and perhaps healthiest option is to purchase or cook your own food with your own money. Thats my suggestion, take it or leave it. Thats dining! Comment with questions, but Id like to request that no discussion of current on-campus dining negotiations occur in the comments. Nothing is concrete or finalized enough to publish. When everything is resolved, somebody will publish the result. UPDATE Ok, I revised some things and mentioned that all dorms have some type of kitchen or cooking facilities (I didnt actually know this). I also fixed the Dining Dollars mistake that Laura mentioned (again, I didnt know this). I mentioned lunch but dont really want to get into it because this was mostly to talk about dining plans and dinner. Again, Preferred Dining does not actually exist. Its now called House Dining Membership, but theyre essentially the same thing. If you read comments referring to Preferred Dining then they are actually talking about House Dining Membership. I mentioned FSILGS but dont know enough about the individual house plans to comprehensively talk about them so questions will have to be answered in the comments.

Tips On Building A Home - 3916 Words

Tips on Building a Home in Perth Western Australia Article 1 Choosing a Builder and Siteworks. On deciding to build a home on your ideal block there are a number of things that have to be taken into account from the very start. 1. The Right Builder - Choosing the right Builder. This is a tricky business, on one hand if you look at builders Display Homes you may choose your builder based on the design of the home you have seen. This is not ideal as the builder may not be to your liking but the design you like is tied to the builder therefore you cannot take his design to another builder. The other option is to choose a builder based on friends and or relatives experience, then try to find a design of home that the builder has that will suit your needs. This can be an easy process as most builders have many designs to choose from. Quality and Specifications of the builder and their Range can vary vastly from Builder to Builder. One Builder may include Special Finished Bench-tops where another might have the Standard Laminate for the bench-tops. Obviously this will end in a different price for the home. So all may not be as it seems with any price difference you need to compare Apples with Apples. 2. Warranty Considerations - Most builders in Perth have a standard warranty period of 6 years. This time frame has been set by an Act of Parliament and cannot be reduced. Some builders however, give a lifetime guarantee this is a good incentive to go with that builder. It isShow MoreRelatedEssay On Buying Land790 Words   |  4 Pages5 Tips for Buying Land and Building a New Home Many people desire to own an attractive home. A house is a vital asset that appreciates every year if you maintain it properly. However, owning a home can be an overwhelming experience, especially for the people who have never bought land or a house before. The article below provides essential tips for buying land and building a new home. Location Location is the most important consideration when purchasing land. Buyers should observe due diligenceRead MoreThe Fashion Trends And Beauty Tips For Teenage Girls1065 Words   |  5 Pagestalks about the latest fashion trends and beauty tips for teenage girls. There are a few articles about some teen orientated celebrities and bands. The magazine is overflowing with girly topics, pictures and colors. There is too much positivity and self-esteem boosters. Articles dealing with make up, health and fitness, fitness seem to always be prefaced with stating that everyone is beautiful and should be happy in their skin and that utilizing the tips are to for oneself. To strengthen their claimRead MorePainting The Exterior And Interior Of The House1505 Words   |  7 Pages For that simple reason, you cannot simply imagine living in a home devoid of colours. 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A business may be well-established in the physical world, but on the internet arena it needs to start building its reputation halfway- if not from a scratch. To make sure that your businesses finds its own niche in the internet world you first need to develop a well designed website. You have to make it accessible, easily loadable, managed through a serverRead MoreOnline Shopping Analysis985 Words   |  4 Pagesmoney on rent before proceeding to call mum and dad in need of a loan that you promise youll back when really, you wont. However, before you go pestering your parents for some extra cash, here at Intention, we have a range of tips on how to save money on your new home. Buying Online There are two main steps in acquiring furniture; shopping and buying. In order to buy, you need to shop and the online world is a great way to start your furniture buying adventure. Here, you can gain an idea

Reducing Deforestation And The Loss Of Biodiversity

When the UN created Sustainable Development Goals during their meeting in New York City from September 25th-27th, there were many targets that were set in order to improve Terrestrial Processes. This was clearly an important issue that the UN felt the need to spend much time on in order to address properly. Ultimately, several of the targets include certain fragments that are unable to be measured accurately, or are given targets that are too general. However, many targets can still be measured accurately and examples of this include Targets 15.2 and 15.5 that aim to halt deforestation and the loss of biodiversity. This can be measured through extensive documentation of a forest’s area or by analyzing the amount of biodiversity within it. The studies are done usually by both countries, such as Canada, and by wildlife groups such as WWF (Effects of Deforestation, Fitzsimmons) (Deforestation, Bradford). This is exceptionally similar to target 15.3, which aims to restore degraded land and soil from desertification. Countries and the UN itself mostly measure this target. An example would be the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) that determined severe land degradation is affecting 168 countries worldwide (Desertification Crisis, King). Target 15.7 calls for an end to poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna, as well as addressing the supply of illegal wildlife products. In m opinion, both of these can be measured to a certainShow MoreRelatedDeforestation Is A Big Environmental Issue1092 Words   |  5 PagesNowadays, deforestation becomes a big environmental issue around the world since forests play critical roles in many aspects for the life of all the living things. 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A major report in 2005 stated that due to human actions, between 10% and 30% of mammal, bird, and amphibian species are threatened with extinction, since then, the problem has only increased (Shah, 2014). The topic of biodiversity is of interest and significant to me, and others, because it provides all humansRead MoreRainforests Have Been Declining Rapidly over the Last Few Decades. There Are Various Factors Responsible for This Decline, Resulting in Serious Impacts on the Environment and the Economy. Critically Discuss the Causes890 Words   |  4 Pagesthe environment and the economy. Critically discuss the causes of deforestation and solutions to it. Deforestation is the cutting down of a large area of trees and the destruction of forests by people. Forests are what we call an exhaustible resource, one which can be used up if it is not used carefully. Over the last few decades, deforestation has threatened the rainforests with total extinction. 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The Glass Ceiling Free Essays

This paper addresses two articles, Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership written by Alice H. Eagly and Linda L. Carli, and A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling, written by Debra E. We will write a custom essay sample on The Glass Ceiling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Meyerson and Joyce K. Fletcher. The phrase glass ceiling is described in many articles as a barrier that prevents women from achieving success in their careers. Women are found at the top of middle management and are being denied of higher positions in the corporate ladder and are getting paid less than men for similar type of work. Both articles address the question whether is the glass ceiling the reason why women are not getting advancement in their careers or it is the sum of many obstacles that hold women back into the high level jobs. According to the authors of both articles, the answer to this question is that it is not the glass ceiling the barrier for women’s advancement. To understand and overcome these barriers, the authors of the articles have used terms such as labyrinth and small wins strategy. According to Meyerson and Fletcher, it is not the glass ceiling but the organizational structures and its hidden barriers to equity and effectiveness what are holding back women. This paper will explore the author’s recommendations for overcoming these barriers and for helping women prevail by changing workplace’s practices in organizations. Overview The two articles chosen to write this abstract have been selected from the Harvard Business Review. In the first article, Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership, the word labyrinth is described as a contemporary symbol that â€Å"conveys the idea of a complex journey toward a goal worth striving for† (Walls all around section, para. 1). If women are able to understand the barriers in this labyrinth, they will be able to overcome many obstacles they encounter. Throughout awareness and persistency during the process, women will have a much better chance to obtain their desirable goals in their careers. In the article A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling, the authors mentioned that is very rare to find women holding high evel positions in organizations. Women represent only 10% of senior manager positions in Fortune 500 companies. According to Meyerson and Fletcher, the best way to destroy this glass ceiling is throughout the use of the small wins approach. Main Issues In the article Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership, the term labyrinth is described as what wo men have to go through in the workplace to be able to occupy high level roles. Woman who desire top positions, will encounter barriers during the journey, and some of them will be able to find solutions to those obstacles to improve the situation. Some of the obstacles or barriers named in the article are (a) prejudice; (b) resistance to women’s leadership; (c) leadership style;(d) demands of family life; (e) underinvestment in social capital. Prejudice The beginning of the labyrinth starts here with prejudices that hurt women and help men. Women in this country, with full time positions, earn 81 cents for every dollar than men earned (Vestiges of prejudice section, para. 1). Research has been done by many professionals seeking an answer to explain the difference in pay between genders. One of the most comprehensive studies, from the Government Accountability office, showed that men worked more hours per year and also had more years of experience (Vestiges of prejudice, para. 3). Even though variables such as marriage, parenthood and years of education were adjusted for both genders, the study showed a gender gap that lead to wage discrimination (Vestiges of Prejudice section, para. 4). According to Eagly and Carli, men are promoted more quickly than women with equivalent qualifications even in female settings such as social work and education (para. 5). The authors add that â€Å"White men were more likely to attain managerial positions than white women, black men, and black women† (Vestiges of prejudice section, para. 5). Resistance to Women’s Leadership The author describes women as having communal associations and men with agentic ones. Women are compassionate, affectionate, friendly and sympathetic among other communal qualities. On the other hand, men are described with agentic qualities such as aggressive, ambitious, controlling, etc, which are associated with effective leadership (Resistance to women’s leadership section, para. 3). Eagly and Carli consider that women are at a tough place, which she describes as the â€Å"double bind†, because people perceive women as lacking the right traits to be effective leaders (Resistance to women leadership section, para. 4). Women who are described by the peers as effective managers possess the following traits: insincere, avaricious, and pushy amongst others ((Resistance to women’s leadership section, para. 11). Leadership Style Women are struggling with people’s perceptions about by being compassionate and caring. Qualities such as assertive and controlling are perceived by people on great leaders. According to Meyerson and Fletcher, women are considered as transformational leaders. They encourage employees, and mentor them to achieve desired goals. It is described as the type of leadership that leads to a more innovating, productive and efficient for organizations (Issues of leadership style section, para. 6). Transactional leaders are described as leaders that reward employees for meeting their goals. Men are considered to be more transactional leaders than women. According to the article, the most effective type of leadership is the transformational style. Demands of Family Life. Studies showed that women are working less hours a year than men and have fewer years of experience due to family responsibilities. Women are confronted with the challenge of balancing work and family responsibilities. Many of them end up leaving their professional careers due to work-family conflict. According to the authors, in 2005 women devoted 19 hours per week to household work, while men just helped 11 hours a week (Demands of family life section, para. 3). Meyerson and Fletcher explain that married mothers increased their hours per week from 10. 6 in 1965 to 12. in 2000, and married fathers increased theirs from 2. 6 to 6. 5 week (Demands of family life section, para. 4). Underinvestment in Social Capital Women are trying to balance their responsibilities at home and at work which leaves them little or no time to build the social capital needed to succeed in the workplace. Another obstacle encountered by women is the fact that these networking activiti es are mostly composed by men who concentrate their meetings in male activities. The C-suite is described by the author as those positions such as chairman, chief executive officer and chief operating office. These positions are held mostly by men and only 6% hold by women (para. 1). The authors mention the following organization actions to help women obtain positions in the C-suites (a) Increase people awareness of prejudices against women; (b) change hours spent at work; (c) be more objective in the evaluations; (d) use transparent recruitment within the organization; (e) place more women in executive positions; (f) help women build strong social capital; (g) give women opportunity to return back to work when circumstances change. The second article, A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling mentions the difficulties women confront in organizations to work effectively: (a) women bear more responsibility at home than men; (b) women who have a set schedule missed important company meeting set after hours; (c) missing meetings made them look less committed; (e) meetings put women in a double bind (The problem with no name section, para. 5). Meyerson and Fletcher mention three different approaches that have dealt with the solution to the symptoms of gender inequity (a) encourage women to assimilate to minimize the differences. In other words to act more like men; (b) accommodates women’s needs and situations such as extended maternity leave, flexible work arrangements, etc; (c) emphasize the differences that women bring to the workforce such as their collaborative style (Tall people in a short world, para. 5). The fourth approach mentioned by the authors, deal with sources of gender inequity. This approach consists on the belief that a change is needed in the organization due to a gender inequity problem. After recognizing the issue, this fourth approach should be linked with the small wins strategy (A fourth approach: Linking equity and effectiveness, para. 2). The article mentions the reason why the small wins process is so effective for organizations (a) tied to the fourth approach help organizations to understand erroneous practices and assumptions; (b) make a difference in the big picture in the road to change; (c) create sense that a small change is a huge and systematic change and have great impact throughout the organization; (d) have a snowballing effect. By adding small wins, one by one, it will create a whole new system of revised practices and efforts; (e) defeat discrimination by accepting that change is needed and that it will help the organization’s effectiveness. Factual Impact of the Main Issues in Organizations Labyrinths can be thought of as a symbolic form of pilgrimage. As paths, women walk among its turnings confronting difficult situations that need to be managed along the way. What it is important for women it is to know that the passage for the labyrinth is not simple journey. It requires for women to be aware on their progress and also to be persistent to navigate it. Organizations need to be proactive about taking measures to understand the labyrinth that leader women confront in the workplace. Building unique leadership traits with a supportive work environment will help them to overcome the barriers to obtain the desire goals. To be more effective, organizations need to support women by becoming advocates for female to advance as managers finding endless opportunities for promotion. Organizations need to understand that women had slowed their careers and earnings for taking the majority of family responsibilities. Thus, the implication for organizations is that women are choosing to work part time, work from home or take many days off from work. Another implication for organizations, it is the need to address the challenge for women to be perceived as capable leaders. The article describes this challenge as the double bind term where women at the workplace have to please both expectations in organizations, one as leaders and one as females. Meyerson and Fletcher explain that â€Å"Most organizations have been created by men and for men and are based on male experiences† (The roots of inequity section, para. 1). Women have been entered in the workplace confronting the fact that organizations still embrace traits associated with men such as though, aggressive, assertive, etc. Organizations must develop a culture of fairness by creating practices that benefit both men and women where the division of labor by gender does not exist and where women feel that they add an enormous value and feel as competent as men. Also, organizations should foster a work environment that values working parents. It is crucial to create structures and policies where work and family complement each other and where women have the opportunity to fulfill their careers without felling guilty of abandoning their families. In the second article the authors described how important is to shatter the glass ceiling using the small wins strategy. Since this strategy initiates change using diagnosis, dialogue, and experimentation, it promotes efficiency and efficiency within the organizations. The authors add, â€Å"The strategy benefits not just women but also men and the organization as a whole† (para. 4). The organization during this strategy go through the follow steps (a) the diagnosis of the problem in which managers dialogue to find out what is happening within the organization culture; (b) experimentation where correctives practices are replaced to obtain real wins. Text Comparison According to Greenhaus et al (2010), the glass ceiling is â€Å"an invisible but impenetrable barrier that prevents qualified women and people of color from advancing to senior management jobs† (p. 321). The text agrees with the authors of the two articles, about the fact that even though the number of women in managerial positions had risen dramatically, women are experiencing difficulties in getting jobs above lower and middle managerial positions. For the authors of the article, Women and The Labyrinth of Leadership, the glass ceiling is a barrier which limitations are fading. Women are facing are not only barriers, but what they describe as a labyrinth. It has obstacles and turns. For the authors of A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling, the glass ceiling is not the reason why women are holding back. The main reason, they affirm, are the organizations in which women work. The authors state that it is â€Å"the foundation, the beams, the walls, the very air† (The power of small wins section, para. 7). Greenhaus et al (2010) identified factors that organizations can seek to support women advance in their careers such as (a) giving more authority; (b) inclusion to formal networks; (c) establishment of mentor relationships; (d) mutual accommodation; (e) elimination of access and treatment discrimination; (f) minimal intergroup conflicts; and (f) responsiveness to work-Family issues (p. 33). Eagly and Carli mention some these actions such as (a) establishing mentoring programs; (b) using job performance assessments that are not biased against minority employees; (c) using open recruiting tools; (d) implement family-friendly policies for both male and female employees; (e) emphasize the visibility of women in high-level leadership positions. Debra Meyerson and Joyce Fletcher explain the need for organizations to address the power of small wins since â€Å"they unearth and upend systemic arriers to women’s progress (The power of small wins section, para. 1). According to Greenhaus et al (2010), it is the glass ceiling that limits opportunities to minorities to develop and reach top management positions in America (p. 323). They authors add that â€Å"The small portion of women at senior management level suggest that many women do not move beyond jobs in lower and middle levels of management† (p. 323). For the text authors the glass ceiling, in contrast with the authors of the articles, is about managing diversity since organizations are in need to understand why women and minorities experience restricted careers opportunities. According to Greenhaus et al (2010), organizations must develop a culture where employees understand multiculturalism that is the heart of the organization’s mission that must be communicated and enforced at all levels (p. 349). References Eagly, A. H., Carli, L.L. (2007). Harvard business review. Women and the labyrinth of leadership. Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2007/09/women-and-the-labyrinth-of-leadership/ar/2 Greenhaus, J. H., Callanan, G.A., Godshalk, V.M. (2010). Career management. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE publications Inc. Meyerson, D. E., Fletcher, J.K. (2000). Harvard business review. A Modest manifesto for shattering the glass ceiling. Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2000/01/a-modest-manifesto-for-shattering-the-glass-ceiling/ar/1 How to cite The Glass Ceiling, Papers

Frito Lay Case Study free essay sample

Frito-Lay, Inc has been developing multigrain chips since the early 1970s. It is a worldwide leader in the manufacturing and marketing of snack chips. It is capturing nearly one-half of the retail sales in the United States snack chips market. Frito-Lay knew that a healthier option was appealing to consumers and that this healthier option had proper time to be introduced, but the market was not ready for it yet. Product research and development is carried out in 1980s and it was found that consumers are expecting multi grain rectangular chips with ridges. So, sun chip is introduced in late 1990. It is a crispy textured snack chips with a mixture of wheat, corn, rice and oat flours. (Sun chips. n. d. ). Frito lay has invested a huge capital in sun chip products and so they did pre market test before introducing the product into market. This test has shown positive result as more consumers got attracted. (Frito lay corporation. n. d. ). Case problem: Sun chips had been in test market for 10 months in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, and metropolitan area. The senior Frito-Lay executives need to decide it they would launch this new product to market officially after the test period. The snack chip category is highly competitive and the new-product failure rate is high. This is the main cause of the problem. Very few new products can generate more than $25 million in first-year sales. In order to expand the market, the brand awareness is a key issue. So, the budget of advertising and merchandising will increase. The new product will cannibalize volume from its previous products. Alternative solutions: Give up the new product: Giving up the new product is a safe strategy. Frito-Lay, Inc. is the leader manufacturing in the snack chips market. Its products have held large market share. Even if it gives up the new product, its still the leader. But if it gives up the new product, the spending in the premarket test becomes meaningless. The market test result appeared consumer response was favorable which means it likely gain profit from the new brand. Its quit just leaves the opportunity to its competitors. Putting the new product on the market following the same strategies of premarket test: This solution gives the company a simple way when it expands its product sales from a single area to nationwide. In the premarket test, its pricing strategy, advertising and merchandising strategy, distribution and sales strategy were all determined. When Frito-Lay, Inc. puts the new product on the national market, the things they need to do is raising the advertising and distribution expending and adding more production line to meet the higher quantities requirement. But applying the experience that comes from a single area into whole national market is very dangerous. Peoples eating habit and lifestyle is different in various states that determine their demand of snack chips will be different. Simply coping with the strategies from the test may lead to a terrible result. Putting the new product on the market after strategies adjustment: This solution is adjusted from the former solution. This alternative will increase its operation cost, but it will bring a better result. The reason why Minnesota metropolitan area was chosen as the test site is because Frito-Lay executive were confident it had a social and economic profile representative of the United States. It is more convinced that these strategies can achieve success in other metropolitan areas. How about non- metro areas? So Frito-Lay, Inc. needs to use adjust its market strategies when it comes to different places. Continuing the test: This is not a good solution. This new product had been tested for 10 months, if Frito-Lay, Inc. still continued testing the product; its competitors might have enough time to launch their own products. Frito-Lay, Inc. would lose the best time to enter the new market. Selected Solution Putting the new product on the market after strategies adjustment: Its premarket test was made in a metropolitan area and got a satisfied result. Its manufacturing capacity was limited which means the product quantities were hard to meet the requirement of nationwide market in a short time. Base on these two factors, Frito-Lay, Inc. had better focus its market promotion on the metropolitan areas at first. In this period, the market test information is more useful because the marketplaces are similar. After its new production line completed, it can gradually expand its market to other areas. In this period, it had better to hire research firm to get the consumers response. Based on these responses, Frito-Lay, Inc. an make a better adjustment when launching Sun Chips on non-metro areas. For instance, because population distribution is different from metropolitan areas, Frito-Lay, Inc. needs to find another efficient and economical advertising scheme to achieve its marketing purpose. Conclusion: Frito-Lay, Inc. is a cautious company. It would do a premarket test before it wants to launch a new product. The results of the test inf luence company executives’ decision about the new product. It was estimated that the sun chip would gain $100 million dollar if it is launched nation wise. It is a success indicator for the sun chips. Although the test result is very exact and detailed, it can only reflect one-sided market situation because the market test is taken in only one area. To make a business plan for national market, it still does more effort. In this process, maximum using the test information is important and meaningful.